The Yellow Wallpaper (1421 words) Essay Example For Students

The Yellow Wallpaper (1421 words) Essay The Yellow WallpaperThe Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, is a story told from the first person point of view of a doctors wife who has nervous condition. The first person standpoint gives the reader access only to the womans thoughts, and thus, is limited. The limited viewpoint of this story helps the reader to experience a feeling of isolation, just as the wife feels throughout the story. The point of view is also limited in that the story takes places in the present, and as a result the wife has no benefit of hindsight, and is never able to actually see that the men in her life are part of the reason she never gets well. This paper will discuss how Gilmans choice of point of view helps communicate the central theme of the story- that women of the time were viewed as being subordinate to men. Also, the paper will discuss how ignoring oneself and ones desires is self-destructive, as seen throughout the story as the womans condition worsens while she is in isolation, in t he room with the yellow wallpaper, and her at the same time as her thoughts are being oppressed by her husband and brother. We will write a custom essay on The Yellow Wallpaper (1421 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the story, the narrator is forced to tell her story through a secret correspondence with the reader since her husband forbids her to write and would ?meet with heavy opposition? should he find her doing so (390). The womans secret correspondence with the reader is yet another example of the limited viewpoint, for no one else is ever around to comment or give their thoughts on what is occurring. The limited perspective the reader sees through her narration plays an essential role in helping the reader understand the theme by showing the womans place in the world. At the time the story was written, women were looked down upon as being subservient beings compared to men. No matter what a woman did or thought, she was still seen as the lesser of the sexes. Like the narrator, women of that time were directed to suppress their creativity as it threatened the dominating males sense of control. By having the narrator be forced to write in secret, There comes John, and I must put this awa y he hates to have me write a word, Gilman was able to show that even the simplest things, like wanting to write were forbidden, lest the male approved (392). Prohibited from working and not being able to contribute to the household as a proper wife, the narrator begins to feel helpless: So I? am absolutely forbidden to ?work until I am well again. Personally, I disagree with their ideas (390). The narrators husband and brother both exert their own will over hers, forcing her to do what they think is the appropriate behavior for a sick woman. She has been given a schedule prescription for each hour in the day; takes all care from me (391). The way that she is required to act involves practically no exertion of her own free-will. Instead, she is expected to obediently accept the fact that her own ideas are mere fancy, and only the opinions of the men in her life can be trusted. The fact that she is not allowed to think for herself is narrowing the extent of her authority in her lif e and of her autonomy. With no creative outlet her mind starts to find things upon which to dwell, things that only she can see. Virtually imprisoned in her bedroom, supposedly to allow her to rest and recover, she slowly starts to go insane. Without compassion or an outlet for her creativity, her mind turns inward and focuses on her now increasingly shrinking universe. She has no say in the location or the decor of her room: I dont like our room a bit. . . But John would not hear of it (391). She is not allowed visitors: It is so discouraging not to have any advice and companionship . . . but he says he would as soon put fireworks in my pillow-case as to let me have those stimulating people about now (393). In large part because of this oppression, that John offhandedly bestows, both her mental and physical conditions continue to decline. I dont feel as if it was worthwhile to turn my hand over for anything and Im getting dreadfully fretful and querulous (394). But by keeping her a prisoner in a room with offensive wallpaper and very little to occupy her mind, John almost forces her to dwell on her psyche. Prison is supposed to be depressing, and she is pretty close to being a prisoner. The story does hint to the fact that John knows he could have done more but simply does not seem to want to be bothered with the effort of such an endeavor for his wife. He never acknowledges that she has a real problem until the end of the story- at which time he fainted. Perhaps, if she had been allowed to come and go, and do as she pleased her depression might have lifted: I think sometimes that if I were only well enough to write a little it would relieve the press of ideas and rest me (393). It seems to her that just being able to tell someone how she really feels would have eased her depression, but her husband would not hear of it because of the embarrassing consequences it could bring to the family name. Thus, John has made her a prisoner in their marriage where her opinions are pushed aside, and her self-worthiness questioned. It is her inner conflict however, that is the predominant reason that she goes crazy. Blaming John and his actions toward her, is just a simple excuse for her inability to get well. She does not want to admit to herself, that perhaps, John doesnt know what the right treatment for someone in her condition is, and the fact that she never inquires upon the treatment John prescribes, further proves the deterioration of her psyche. .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68 , .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68 .postImageUrl , .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68 , .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68:hover , .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68:visited , .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68:active { border:0!important; } .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68:active , .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68 .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Environmental Ethics EssayNever do we observe any of the other characters points of view. Gilman purposely does this so that the reader is called to rely solely upon the woman, even when her mental condition worsens. The narrator is required to seek and receive advice from those around her instead of making up her own mind, since she is not given the opportunity to interact with anyone aside from those who restrict her. This further contributes to the central theme in that it shows that woman clearly cannot think for herself and must rely on others opinions of how she should conduct herself. John wished for the woman to simply ignore her own thoughts and to whatever he ask ed of her. It was impossible for her to do this and survive, since ignoring oneself is obviously self-destructive. Gilman shows through the diary type format of the story, a sort of desperation of the narrator. Gilman wants the reader to see just how oppressed the woman truly is and how her mental condition deteriorates, by allowing the reader to see what she is thinking. Her assertion at the conclusion of the story that I have got out at last is ironic, because although she now has the opportunity to physically get out of the prison-like room and try the cure that she prescribed for herself, she chooses to ignore it (401). She has become a complete burden to John, though her original goal was to become such a help to John (392). She has discovered the one place where she can have supreme control, and nothing will challenge her, apart from her own mind. But she has zero capability left to even interact normally with the outer physical world, and so it is although she isnt even there . Throughout the story, the reader is called to trust the narrator although it is clear she is going crazy, for she is the only telling the story. Gilman is able to develop the theme through this characters point of view by showing that the narrator has no choice in the world in which she lives she must obey the men in her life above all else. If Gilman chose any other perspective, the story would not have been able to portray the womans oppression as well, because the reader would not have been able to see into her mind as it slipped away well into insanity. English Essays

How Theories Obstruct Or Assist Practice Social Work Essays

How Theories Obstruct Or Assist Practice Social Work Essays How Theories Obstruct Or Assist Practice Social Work Essay How Theories Obstruct Or Assist Practice Social Work Essay A demand for Social Work Training is to guarantee that the instruction of theoretical cognition, accomplishments and values is based on [ pupils ] application to pattern ( NHS, 2002 p.3 ) . In response to the decease of babe Peter, the Social Work Taskforce published 15 recommendations including societal work grades necessitating a greater focal point on associating theory to pattern ( DCSF, 2009 p.18 ) . This increased accent between theory and pattern, will be considered in this essay, by discoursing if theories of human growing and development obstruct or help societal workers pattern. It is of import to recognize that there are a huge sum of human growing and development theories, which cover the life span, although one premise is that they merely relate to childhood. This essay, in sing how theories obstruct or assist pattern, will pull on those associating to working with older people. To clear up, this essay will utilize the word theory to intend both grand theories ( those borrowed from other subjects such as psychological science, sociology etc ) and middle scope theories ( those which combine the expansive theories with pattern experience ) ( Wilson et al, 2008 pp.106-107 ) . The history of societal work is helpful in understanding how theory became relevant for pattern. The 19th century industrial revolution impacted on the community constructions, which led to concerns over societal agitation and upset. These concerns influenced the growing of the societal scientific disciplines with the thought being to understand and alter society. Howe provinces, as new theories and accounts of human behavior were generated by psychologists, so new societal work theories and patterns arose ( Howe, 2009 p.17 ) . The Charity Organisation Society ( COS ) , founded in 1869, embraced the psychological theories in their charitable work. COS ab initio resisted any formal instruction for charity workers preferring supervising in the occupation. However, concerns over the criterion of staff and the impact of the occupation on them, together with the desire to be recognised as professionals in the societal field initiated them to put up formal societal work instruction ( Howe, 2009 ; Payne, 2005b ; Jones, 1996 p.191 ) . The value of learning human growing and development theories to societal work pupils is still recognised today in university classs. Teaching on theory is included in the instruction as it is seen to legalize societal work, giving the societal worker confidence, significance and understanding in their work without any contamination of tampering ( Jones, 1996 p.193 ) . The usage of theory helps the practician to experience that their positions are knowing and grounded ( Milner and OByrne, 2002 ) . Secker s research on societal workers pupils found that those who had a comprehendible apprehension of theory were more likely to be accessible and antiphonal with their service users, sharing their theoretical suggestions with the individual ( Howe, 2009 ; Payne, 2005a ) . Aboard this, is the professionalism a theoretical cognition gives to societal work ( Howe, 2009 ) . Thompson ( 2010 ) argues that other professionals and service users will be more confident in a societal worker who is able to show that their work is based on a theoretical model, therefore demoing accomplishments to grok and do sense of the service users state of affairs, instead than one who conjectures. Walker states, it is of import that societal workers have an apprehension of human development to work efficaciously with other subjects and to show a professional literacy commensurate with their position ( 2010, pp.xiv-xv ) . An illustration of this is a societal worker working within a Community Mental Health Team alongside Psychiatrists and Community Psychiatric Nurses who advocate the medical theoretical account and its accent on nosologies and remedies ( Parrish, 2010 p.10 ) . Working in this scene does non intend that the societal worker demands to disregard a psychosocia l position. To recommend for service users efficaciously, the societal worker demands to understand both the medical and psychosocial positions, as Parrish provinces it necessitate [ s ] the professional equivalent of being bilingual in being able to understand both positions at the same time ( Parrish, 2010 p.10 ) . In 1992, Hindmarsh s research on societal work alumnuss, showed that an apprehension of theory did supply the alumnuss with assurance. However, Hindmarsh argued that this assurance did non go on in pattern as alumnuss viewed the usage of theory as merely a tool to warrant their actions or supply answerability to their direction ( Payne, 2005a ) . Thompson argues that the professionalism of the societal worker is being impacted on by what he describes as managerialism ( 2010, p.51 ) . Thompson explains that authorities s budgeting tactics through performance indexs is forcing local authorities to run into marks. This is filtered down the direction construction, so that center directors are ordering what is required and should be implemented by societal workers, in order to accomplish the marks. Although societal workers are dedicated to the usage of theory in their pattern, managerialism has led to them missing professional assurance ( 2010 p.51 ) . It is argued that theory is excessively complicated and restricts spontaneousness, therefore it is unpointed for pattern. Alternatively a more realistic theoretical account of utilizing facts about the individual, an apprehension of the jurisprudence and practical accomplishments ( common sense ) is more effectual for societal work pattern ( Parrish, 2010 ; Walker and Crawford, 2010 ) . This position has been strongly argued against, as Coulshed provinces, theoryless pattern does non be ; we can non avoid looking for accounts to steer our actions, while research has shown that those bureaus which profess non to utilize theory offer a non job resolution, woolly and adrift service ( 1991, p.8 ) . Some theories become so familiar and accepted that they become incorporated into mundane life and linguistic communication, for illustration, Anna Freud s defense mechanism mechanisms and Daniel Levinson s mid-life crisis. By the fact that these theories become so socially recognized and em bedded into mundane linguistic communication ( described as informal theory ) , it is hard for a societal worker to avoid utilizing it in their pattern. Thompson argues, some kind of conceptual model ( and hence theory ) is therefore inevitable ( 2010, p.7 ) . Our ain life experience does non supply us with sufficient cognition to be able to assist others. It can do us to filtrate appraisals through our ain experience, which may be damaging but we could be incognizant of this. An advantage of holding a theoretical apprehension of human growing and development is that it gives us a broader position than our single life experience and balances decision-making ( Walker and Crawford, 2010 ) . Research has shown that societal workers have found it hard or are incognizant of how they apply theory to pattern ( Tanner and Harris, 2008 ; Smid and Van Krieken, 1984 ) . Therefore, work is a everyday procedure for societal workers if they do non hold an apprehension of theory ( Parton, 1996, p.92 ) . Social worker instruction is blamed for this trouble with universities either being excessively theoretical, or excessively practical, whichever accent taken, it consequences in doing theory and pattern appear as separate entities ( Smid and Van Krieken, 1984 ) . The different theoretical attacks to human growing and development can look confounding to the societal worker, as each emphasis different countries as a ground for the individual s state of affairs. An illustration of this is the procedure of ageing : a biological position is to concentrate on the physical impact of a individual turning older ; a psychological position nevertheless, will concentrate on the impairment of cognitive operation ; and eventually a sociological perceptual experience will look at the societal constructions and the older individual s topographic point in that construction. As Hughes provinces, The images created by the assorted theoretical positions biological, psychological, sociological, political-economic are per se different and create rather distinguishable images of the experience and societal status of older people ( Hughes, 1995 p.18 ) . Although each attack emphasises different countries, they all potentially provide something helpful and equal ly true ( Milner and OByrne, 2002 p.81 ) . With each attack supplying something utile in understanding the individual s state of affairs the societal worker needs to back up the service user in happening which 1 with be most helpful to utilize ( Milner and OByrne, 2002 ) . However, instead than seeing this confusion as a hinderance to societal work pattern, this is what is cardinal to societal work. It is what gives it its value and importance because it specialises in state of affairss where there are no known solutions ( Statham and Kearney cited in Howe, 2009 p.190 ) . It is the ability of the societal worker to pull together the assorted theoretical positions in order to fix a realistic and balanced attention program. There are development theories that are in direct struggle and/or dismiss each other such as Disengagement and Activity theories ( Hughes, 1995 ; Howe, 2009 ) . Disengagement Theory proposes that as person ages they of course disengage from certain societal functions and maps, which ensures continuity of the system and equilibrium between different societal groups ( Hughes, 1995 pp.25-26 ) . Disengagement was viewed as fulfilling for the older individual and supplying well-being, as it freed them from certain functions and maps that they no longer were able to carry through, such as retiring from work, thereby, assisting people to age good ( Hughes, 1995 ; Bond et Al, 2007 ) . Activity theory wholly opposes this thought and proposes that staying actively involved in the community, both physically and mentally, provided wellbeing and satisfaction for the individual ( Walker and Crawford, 2010 ) . Both theories provide definite account for the troubles in acquiring old. The activity / detachment argument has led to a figure of farther theories either seeking to decide the struggle, such as Gubrium s socio-environmental attack, or dispute one theory to back up the other, such as Cowgill s modernization attack ( Lynott and Lynott, 1996 ) . The practician s quandary is similar, should they aline themselves with one or ignore both theories. A danger for the societal worker is that s/he utilizations theory as a manner to detect the truth or ultimate solution for the individual ( Thompson, 2010, pp.11-12 ) . Lee argues against this, theoretical statements are the general rules that give rise to hypotheses, or bad facts ( 1985, p.22 ) . No individual or state of affairs is precisely the same which means neither can at that place be a cosmopolitan solution or theory to suit all ( Lees and Lees, 1975 ) . A postmodern position is that truth can non be found in one lone theory, alternatively a overplus of truths for a peculiar state of affairs can be found in utilizing multiple theories ( Milner and OByrne, 2002 ) . As Pease and Fook cited in Howe province, There are many positions and voices and it is now recognised that they all need to be heard if the complex nature of truth is to be established ( 2009, p.191 ) . Walker ( 2010 ) argues that a individual s growing and development can non be clarified by one theory. Parrish takes this farther by saying that if a societal worker s pattern were based on one theory it would turn out deplorably unequal ( 2010, p.6 ) . An alliance to one specific theoretical point of view can be unsafe, as the societal worker is unable to recognize of import issues that do non match with that peculiar point of view. For illustration Erikson s eight phases of development although helpful in understanding age related activities, has been criticised for its male, patriarchal stance in missing consciousness of other factors that can impact on development, such as gender, race, societal category etc. ( Thompson, 2010 ; Parrish, 2010 ) . This highlights the value of recognizing and critically analyzing a figure of theories in a state of affairs, instead than believing one is more superior to another. As Thompson illustrates, the brooding practician being a seamster cu tting the fabric of the cognition base to bring forth a closely trim solution to the pattern challenges being faced, instead than looking for a ready-made, off-the-rack solution ( 2010, p.16 ) . A societal worker may see mixing a figure of theories so to supply one combined theory, which Payne describes as eclecticism ( Thompson, 2010 and Payne, 2005a p.31 ) . Eclecticism has been criticised as an inexperient manner to utilize theory ( Payne, 2005a ) . Alternatively the current position is to take a critical, brooding attack, utilizing the individual s history, behavior and fortunes. Theories should be considered and weighed up as to their utility for each individual ( Adams et al, 2009 ; Thompson, 2010 ) . Using a scope of theories allows a multi-dimensional apprehension of state of affairss to develop and enables the restrictions of one position to be offset by the advantages of another ( Tanner and Harris, 2008 p.37 ) . By taking a critical and brooding attack to theory and pattern this can assist the societal worker make sense of the differences and dissensions between the assorted human growing and development theories ( Payne, 2005a ) . A critical and brooding attack, allows the societal worker to value and accept the assortment of theories applicable for a peculiar state of affairs ( Adams, 2009 ) . As Fook argues, critical and postmodern pattern hence involves a acknowledgment of different ways of knowing, in peculiar a automatic ability to prosecute with altering state of affairss ( 2002, p.44 ) . Harmonizing to Thompson ( 2010 ) , the chief important intent for using theory to pattern is that it defines our pattern. Misca provinces, cognition of human growing and development dramas an indispensable portion in measuring, planning and intervening in a successful, positive manner in people s lives ( 2009 p.116 ) . Fook describes utilizing theories, as our rational tools, instead than as regulation books as they assist and direct pattern ( 2002, p.69 ; Walker and Crawford, 2010 ) . This means that a theoretical cognition can supply a practician with the apprehension and account of a individual s behavior and state of affairs. Consideration of Bowlby s Attachment theory with aging and dementedness will be used to exemplify this. Bowlby stated that typically within the first 9 months of a individual s life, they develop an fond regard to their primary health professional . Ainsworth, working aboard Bowlby, extended fond regard theory. Through the Strange Situation tests, she proposed three types of fond regard behaviors: Anxious/Avoidant, Anxious/Resistant and Securely Attached ( Parrish, 2010 ) . Although Bowlby did non transport out any surveies on older people, he did reason that, attachment behavior continues to play a necessary function into maturity ( Browne and Shlosberg, 2006 p.135 ) . It has merely been since the late twentieth century, that Bowlby s fond regard theory has been applied throughout the human lifetime and in peculiar to dementia ( Bond et al, 2007 ) . Bowlby suggested that when grownups are ailing or under emphasis so attachment behavior is likely ( Browne and Shlosberg, 2006 ) . Miesen, an advocate for fond regard theory, researched the general behavior of people with dementedness. He likened a brainsick province of crying, cleaving and naming as being in Ainsworth s unusual state of affairs ( Bond et al, 2007 ) . Miesen researched parent arrested development which is when a individual with dementedness believes that his/her deceased parent is still alive. His survey concluded that dementedness triggers attachment behaviors ( Browne and Shlosberg, 2006 ) . De Vries and McChrystal province, Bowlby s fond regard theory has provided a conceptual and empirical model for analyzing some behaviors of people with dementedness and provided a agency of con struing them in footings of responses to loss ( 2010, p288 ) . A theoretical cognition besides provides solutions for attacks of intercession, to help the service user and enables the practician to expect future issues ( Parrish, 2010 ) . Continuing to utilize the above illustration, two new ways of working within an attachment theory model have late been developed to help working with people with dementedness: simulated presence therapy ( SPT ) and doll therapy ( Browne and Shlosberg, 2006 ) . The trouble for the societal worker is that separate theories can take to different attacks to pattern, so that the societal worker has to take which is the right 1 ( Walker and Crawford, 2010 ) . Milner and OBryne ( 2002 ) argue that the theory, which provides the greatest penetration and leads to an attack that meets the service user s aims, is the 1 to utilize. The job with this is who decides which is the theory that gives the greatest penetration, is it the societal worker or managerial/government determination. If it is the latter so it disempowers the societal worker. However, if it is the former it is dependent on the cognition base of the societal worker. Beckett and Taylor explain, Fortunately or unluckily, no theory about human life can of all time be wholly nonsubjective or value free ( 2010 p.4 ) . Human growing and development theories have been criticised for reflecting the dominant beliefs of the theoretician s society. As Thompson provinces, Theorising is by no means a pure activity, detached from the world of the societal and political universe ( 1995, p.32 ) . For illustration, Erikson, Levinson and Havighurst s theories on grownup phases of development have all been criticised This essay has noted some theories of human growing and development in aging. However, it is besides of import for a Social Worker in his/her pattern to admit that service users will hold their ain thoughts to explicate their fortunes and behavior. As Gubrium and Wallace explain, We find that theory is non something entirely engaged in by scientists. Rather, there seem to be two bing universes of theory in human experience, one engaged by those who live the experiences under consideration, and one organised by those who make it their professional concern consistently to analyze experience ( cited in Tanner and Harris, 2008 p.36 ) . Erickson emphasised the demand to look at a individual as an individual and hence, a societal worker in his/her pattern needs to take this into consideration, instead than seeking to acquire a theory to suit the individual s state of affairs ( Milner and OByrne, 2002 ) . It is of import for the societal worker to be cognizant of anti-oppressive pattern in sing a theoretical model by non taking into history the service user s positions. S/he needs to be cognizant of his/her professional power and besides the demand to authorise the service user in doing determinations and alterations ( McDonald, 2010 ; Thompson, 2010 ) . As shown, holding a theoretical apprehension of human growing and development can help societal work pattern by legalizing the work done, giving the societal worker assurance and supplying a model for the work. However, it is non the theoretical apprehension itself that hinders pattern but alternatively the application of the theory. Theory in pattern is hindered by managerialism, the danger of anti-oppressive pattern and restrictions of societal workers knowledge and experience.

The Ability to Value Assets Accurately is at the Heart of the Essay

The Ability to Value Assets Accurately is at the Heart of the Discipline of Finance. Discuss - Essay Example Inappropriate asset valuation would fail to determine the actual status of the business performance which would adversely affect the formulation of business strategies. According to Brigham & Daves (2009), â€Å"Real options are opportunities for management to change the timing, scale, or other aspects of an investment in response to changes in market conditions.† (Brigham & Daves, 2009, p.490). Since the real options are concerned with the real assets such as plants, fixtures, and land, it enables the management to take timely and appropriate decisions regarding investment strategies. Brigham and Daves also opine that formulation of model and estimation of input is necessary for the valuation of real options in investments. It will be a cumbersome task for the management to determine the exact value of real options in investment since it includes intangible components like contract, decision to expand or abandon etc. Even though exact valuation of real options is not possible, it helps to determine the sustainability of the proposed project. According to the writers, in order to valuate the real options more accurately, it is better to trea t the valuation with a ‘standard model for financial option’. Similarly usage of ‘discounted cash flow valuation and decision tree analysis’ are also better methods in order to increase the accuracy of valuation of real options (Brigham & Daves, 2009, pp.490-491). If the value of underlying asset (an asset underlies and offers value to the particular security or investment) can be properly estimated, then it is possible to find out the value of real options in investment almost accurately. Likewise, while dealing with valuation of real options, it is essential to represent the payouts precisely in order to bring out maximum relevant facts in the valuation process. The Black-Scholes model is a comparatively better method to determine the theoretical value of real

Accounting Disclosures In Context Of Corporate Governance Coursework

Accounting Disclosures In Context Of Corporate Governance - Coursework Example Firstly, the framework of corporate governance should ensure that timely and accurate disclosures are made on all material matters. These matters relate to the financial situation of a company, its performance, ownership, and governance. This principle ensures that an entity will disclose all material information in its financial statements that will be used by shareholders or prospective clients to make decisions. Secondly, the corporate governance framework should ensure the strategic guidance of the company, the effective monitoring of management by the board and the board's accountability to the shareholders. This means that management will always be on their toes to ensure that the operations of the company are well coordinated since the board of directors monitors them. Hence, appropriate disclosures are likely to be made due to the oversight role of the board. In conclusion, the attempts that have been made to improve accounting disclosures have been beneficial to the business world. According to Oppermann, this is because; various stakeholders have attained their goals through appropriate disclosures. Through corporate governance, managers have taken more responsibility and accountability in their roles in businesses as well as the board of directors. In overall, the public has gained more confidence in financial information published by companies, as they are aware that disclosures have been made guided by corporate governance principles and the accounting standards.

British Empire and American Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

British Empire and American Revolution - Essay Example Later the Sugar act was reformed and tax was slashed to 3 pence a pound with new customs service .There was huge resistance in paying tax and towards the end of 1766, the tax was reduced to a penny for a barrel. Stamp Act of 1765 was another policy reformation declaring tax on that legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, playing cards, and hand bills. A stamp is affixed to confirm the tax payment. Colonies revolted against Stamp Act and threatened to boycott British goods. The British parliament revoked the stamp act in 1766 due to colonial pressure yet reinstating parliamentary supremacy by passing the declaratory act. There were duties imposed on paper, paint, lead, glass, and tea imported into the colonies leading to colonial boycotts hampering the trade by 50%. Boston Massacre in 1770 was a reactive outburst of tension developed between British soldiers and the local crowd. The crowd was throwing snowballs at British soldiers and panicky soldiers killed 5 people. Boston Massacre paved way for the emergence of committees for correspondence .These committees gained more momentum by destroying the British colonial assets like ships. Monopoly on tea was granted in 1773 by parliament as a resource plan to rescue the East India Company from financial crisis. This act enabled East India Company to handle both the shipping and the sale of its tea, thereby decreasing the price of tea. This created havoc in colonies and they boycotted tea to express their revolt. Angered by the colonial revolts, Britain government introduced Coercive Acts, in 1774 closing Boston port, transferring the colonial trials to other colonies or Britain and enabling the soldiers to reside in private homes and finally revoking the self government in Massachusetts. Britain ai med at isolation of colonies by introducing Coercive Acts but on the contrary the act united the colonies to a greater extent leading to formation of First Continental congress boycotting English goods. The year 1775 and 1776 witnessed clear outburst of colonies towards British Colonial policies leading to death of nearly 73 Britain Warriors. Thus the above cited incidences paved for the revolt process with greater degree of resistance and colonies evolved as a battalion to combat against the British colonial policy and they succeeded in their mission after the war of American Independence leading to liberalization of colonies. Bibliography Gipson, Lawrence Henry. The British Empire before the American Revolution. New York: Knopf, 1939-1970. Essay 2 Fundamental change with regard to the colonists, slaves, Native Americans and women after American Revolution. . The American Revolution brought a series of changes in colonial rule and had a drastic impact not only political but also on all

Social values of welfare: Hong Kong

Social values of welfare: Hong Kong Welfare is all collective interventions to meet certain needs of the individual and/or to serve the wider interests of society may now be broadly grouped intoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ categories of welfare (Titmuss, 1959). The development in the social values of welfare has always been changing throughout the centuries, particularly the 20th century. In traditional Chinese society, people used to believed that social welfare, or fuk lei, was given by kind-hearted philanthropists in society (N. Chow, 1994, p.325). In the early 20th century, the concept of social welfare was still very weak among Hong Kong people. Majority of welfare services were provided by non-government organizations before 1965 (W. S. Chow, 1993, p. 41). The situation changed after the publication of the white paper of the social welfare in 1965. Together with the rise of social worker, more people consider social welfare is part of their civil rights in the following decades. In 1997, the change in sovereignty of Hong Kong and the Asian financial crisis brought a significant impact on the social values of welfare. In the following paragraphs, I will briefly discuss the development of social welfare in Hong Kong and the corresponding social values of welfare, particularly the changes before and after 1997. As will be argued, there are both long term and short term factors that led the changes. The former would be the increasing consideration of civil rights and the latter would be the Asian financial crisis in 1997, the change in sovereignty of Hong Kong and the publication of Comprehensive Social Security Assistance (CSSA) Review. In the early 20th century, majority of people considered welfare was given by kind-hearted philanthropists in society. As Hong Kong was a colony of Britain at that time, the colonial government put their focuses on protecting the Britishs interest, particularly the British merchants. Hence, the living environment and welfare of local Chinese were not concerned by the colonial government unless it interfere the interest of British. With this colonial background, local Chinese rationalized the concept of welfare would not be given by the colonial government. The Chinese merchants used their wealth to establish and maintain their reputations and leadership roles through acts of charity (Leung, 1996, p.3). They set up organizations and gave welfare to the locals. Among these organizations, Tung Wah Hospital was the most noteworthy charitable organization which catered the medical services and welfare needs to the locals. Apart from these organizations, churches and clans man association would also give welfare to the locals too. In the post World War II period, the situation had a slightly change. In the post war period, a large number of non-government or voluntary welfare organizations were set up in Hong Kong. It is important to note that most of these welfare organizations had their parent-bodies overseas. A typical example of these organizations would be the Hong Kong Red Cross. During this emergency period, the internationally-linked welfare organization had probably done much more than the government in meeting the welfare needs of people (N. Chow, 1994, p.324). Although the concept of welfare is given by kind-hearted philanthropists was weaken, the majority of the Chinese in Hong Kong are still unable to wipe away the traditional notions of welfare and accept the modern idea that it should be the responsibility of the state to provide the necessary social welfare services (N. Chow, 1994, p. 325). Meanwhile, a large proportion of population was refugee from mainland China (Due to the civil war in Chin a). Part of them considered Hong Kong is there temporary shelter but not their home. Hence, welfare development would not be their consideration as they expected to leave Hong Kong soon. These factors made there were only little pressure groups would fight for the rights for the locals in that period. The situation further changed after 1965. In 1965, the colonial government published the White Paper on social welfare. N.Y. Chow (1993) suggests that to be exact, the beginning of social welfare policy of Hong Kong was after the publication of the first White Paper on social welfare in 1965 (p.41). The White paper was the first government document that discusses social welfare policy in Hong Kong. It explained the welfare development and integrated the experiences from the development. Also, it gives the stands of colonial government toward social welfare policy and reasons that made the government cannot implement comprehensive social policy in Hong Kong. Although the White Paper has been blamed for lacking in-depth discussion on the blueprint of social welfare development and the foreseeable challenges, but this White paper gives a foundation for the further development of social welfare system (W. S. Chow, 1993). The concept of social welfare and government were no longer disseve ring like the past. More people started to integrate social welfare into the role of government. The most rapid change was found in the 70s. There were two major factors that led the change, the Big Bang of social policy and the rise of social worker. The Big Bang of social policy was initiated by the 25th governor of Hong Kong, Murray MacLehose. After MacLehose take office the governor in 1972, he had a strong sense of responsibility towards social welfare, under his influence, amendment of social welfare policy was necessary (W. S. Chow, 1993, p. 52). Apart from it, the increasing social problems (i.e. the riot in 1966 and 1967, Corruption) led the demand for governments involvement in social welfare further increased. These factors urged the publication of the second White Paper of social welfare in 1973. The aim of the White Paper was giving a five year plan of social welfare development and dividing the responsibility in providing social welfare between government and voluntary organizations. The aspects of social welfare in the five year plan included education, housing, m edical service, social allowance, youth services etc. The comprehensive expansion of welfare services increased the involvement of people in social welfare system. The value of welfare would not be given by the colonial government was further weakening in this period. Apart from the Big Bang of social policy, the rise of social worker also led to the significant change in social value of welfare. The rise of social worker could be traced back to the professionalization of social work and the implement of professional training at the University of Hong Kong and the Chinese University of Hong Kong in the mid-1960s. In the 1960s, Fabian Socialism was the most fashionable approach taught in the social work schools of the two universities (N. Chow, 1994, p.327). Equality, freedom and fellowship are the central values of Fabian Socialism. The social work students in 60s and 70s were strongly influenced by these values. They had a strong sense of working towards a more equal and justice society. Hence, when the students became social workers in society, they would try to advocate policies that achieve to these two ideals. More people would consider welfare as a means to achieve an equal society. Meanwhile, the young social workers at that time also stres sed on civil rights. They believed that social welfare is one the important parts of civil rights. When they graduated, they would educate and advocate the public to uphold their civil rights through different social actions. As a result, under this influence, it led to the rise of the awareness of welfare system as rights enjoyed by citizen. Another significant change of social values of welfare could be found in 1997. The major factor that led to the change is the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. Before the crisis, the economy in Hong Kong was at boom. Majority of people were actively investing in property market and stock market. At that time, people emphasized on material values and short-term time horizon. Material values are the major criterion used to evaluate the worth of things and people (C.K. Wong, K. L. Chow K.Y. Wong, 2001, p.68). Meanwhile, majority of Chinese investor were looking for the maximum benefit in the shortest period of time. Topley states that many Chinese still prefer to invest in non-industrial property and trade because of the relatively quicker return of capital and profits. When investing in industry, the overwhelming desire of investors is to look for quick profits by whatever means present themselves as attractive in the short run rather than to look for opportunity for starting long-term investment. (as cited in Lau, 1982, p.70) As both of the property market and stock market were so flourished, the economic environment enabled people to achieve the above goals simultaneously. This in turn led Hong Kong became one of the wealthiest cities in Asia. The living standard in Hong Kong was one of the highest in Hong Kong history in the early mid 1990s. As most people could sustain their life in the market, they put less consideration on the welfare system. At that time, people would consider social welfare system was only for those who were in need in society, like elderly and disabled people. In other words, despite the underprivileged and the corresponding pressure group, majority in society would not care about the welfare system as they believed they could achieve self-sustentions in market. In general, social welfare development was overwhelmed by economic development at that period. But a significant change was provoked by the 1997 financial crisis. A great depression in both stock market and property market was provoked by the crisis. Lots of people were bankrupted because of the suddenly fall in the property market. Also, a massive unemployment was accompanied with the economic downturn, particularly in the financial sector. The decline in consumption led to further depression in other non-financial sector. The financial crisis brought two major impacts on the welfare system. First, it led to a significant fall in the tax income of the government. Second, more people fall into the safety net of the welfare system. In other words, it led an increase in demand for welfare services. Simultaneously, it would increase the welfare expenditure of the government. As these two factors happened at the same time, this brought heavy pressure on the financial budget of the government. At the same period, the sovereignty of Hong Kong changed back to China. One of the problems that foresee by the government is the increase in immigrants from China. In the review report of CSSA that published by the Social Welfare Department, it suggests that the increase in mainland immigrants would lead to an increase application for CSSA. It implies that the government believes that a number of mainland immigrants would rely on the welfare system for livelihood. Before the publication of the report, the government already spread this ideology through news and government press. At that time, the government disclosed different abusive cases of CSSA by the new immigrants. This made the public also be believed the new immigrants would bring pressure to Hong Kong welfare system. The economic downturn, mainland immigrants, together with the foreseeable aging population, these made the government believed a review for welfare system is necessary. As the government wanted to tighten the budget for social welfare expenditure, the publication of the review report was a means of government to the public support. This report brought a momentous impact on the social value of welfare. In particular, there were more people believed that abusive cases are common in the welfare system after the publication of the report. For example, the report suggested the level of benefits for four-person household is high. The average monthly payment for a four-person household increased in 120% from 1980s to 1990s. But the median wage of workers only increased 41%. The government suggested that this would create disincentive to work and lead to long term dependency on welfare system. According to a survey, 36.4% of respondents believed that the increasing number of CSSA cases becau se the criteria for application is too lenient (C.K. Wong, K. L. Chow K.Y. Wong, 2001, p.5). Although the way and method that government used to interpret and present the statistics had bias and hidden agenda, majority still believed that CSSA was breeding lazy people. Since CSSA has a strict income test and asset test, statistics of Suspected Fraud and Abuse was minimal. But the mass media created a negative image of CSSA recipients as they only reporting fraud and abusive cases. This, in turn, created a strong labeling effect on CSSA recipients. In a survey, 40.8% of respondents agreed that CSSA recipients are not deserved to be help (C.K. Wong, K. L. Chow K.Y. Wong, 2001, p.9). This reflected the fact that CSSA recipients were stigmatized. Apart from stigmatization of CSSA recipients, the role of welfare that interpreted by the public is also worth to discuss. Compare with giving direct welfare, people considered that self-reliance would be more appropriate. In a survey, 70.3% of respondents believed that people should satisfy their needs through self-reliance. On the other hand, only 8.6% respondents believed that people should satisfy their needs through social welfare (C.K. Wong, K. L. Chow K.Y. Wong, 2001, p.30). The development of the concept self-reliance could be explained by the Utilitarianistic Familism. Utilitarianistic Familism is social values of the Chinese people in Hong Kong (Lau, 1982). Chinese people would put the interest of family member in a higher priority over others. The bonding of the family members was strong. In addition to the extended family structure in the early mid 20th century, people would not look for help from government; rather, they would look for help from family members. As most problems could be solved without the help of government, it contributed to the development a sense of self-reliance. This concept is particularly prevailing value hold by the older generation (i.e. Those who born in the Post War Baby Boom). From the above discussion, we can see two sets of contradictory social values of welfare have developed in Hong Kong. On one hand, more people consider social welfare as their civil rights. On the other hand, people stigmatize some welfare recipients. It makes the rights of accessing welfare become alienated from the civil rights. These two contradictory values lead to different conflicts in society. Social workers, pressure groups and non-government organizations are striving for destigmatization of the welfare recipients. Lots of social actions like social demonstration and public forum are used to promote this civil rights. But at the same time, the government is attempting to marginalize the welfare recipients in order to reduce the welfare expenditure. From time to time, the government would publish the fraud and abusive case in CSSA. It seems that it wants to remind people that abusive cases are still common in welfare system. These, in turn, led to never-ending debates between the two interest groups. As seen in above discussion, it is hard to find a consensus towards the value of welfare in Hong Kong. The historical background, personal experiences and education would have a strong influence on the development of our value. But it seems that government would spread concepts and ideas that deviated from the principles of social welfare equality and equity, because its political agenda. Whether the ultimate goal of government is bring a stable and harmonious society in Hong Kong is questionable.

Electronica Essay -- Music Musical History Essays

Electronica Electronica is a term coined to describe a relatively new genre of music. This type of music generally revolves around maniplating music in a digital and analog sense. Over time, as technology has improved, the growth of computers and other electronic musical instruments, such as synthesizers, and drum machines has greatly increased the capabilities of electronica. The very first instances of "electronica" were created by the ancient Greeks, who with their intrinsic ingenuity created machines for this very purpose. In the 2nd century, B.C., the Hydraulis was invented a Greek who was fascinated by pneumatics. He was an expert on the use of hydraulic systems for powering mechanical devices, and his most famous invention, the Hydraulis, used water to regulate the air pressure inside an organ. In this device , a set of pumps forced air into the organ, that was channeled to create sound. Later, mechanical instruments evolved, such as the Greek Aeolian harp, the hurdy-gurdy, and fully mechanical organs. Also by this time, Pythagoras, the famous Greek mathematician, also discovered numerical ratios which corresponded to intervals on the musical scale, or as we know them today, octaves. The modern age of electronica finally started, as great American inventors Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell invent new devices that could transmit and record sounds. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph. To record, an indentation on a moving strip of paraffin coated paper tape was made by means of a diaphragm with an attached needle. This mechanism eventually lead to a continuously grooved, revolving metal cylinder wrapped in tin foil. Then, In 1880, Alexander Graham Bell devised and patented several means for tra... ... made them a target of more conservative groups who believe they have lost the original vision of techno. I cannot disagree more with these groups, since the music that they enjoy is in my opinion, some of the worst NOISE ever created in human history, along with teen angst Punk, and of course, American "Patriotic" Country. The basic premise of electronica was to add a danceable element to music. It has been wildly successful as can be observed by listening to almost any pop artist. In recent times, these kinds of "sugar" pop groups became so popular that eventually there is a negative reaction to all such dance music. But sooner or later a "fun" element will come back into vogue. Bibliography http://www.geocities.com/EnchantedForest/Meadow/8887/elect/ http://www.jam2dis.com/j2delectronicadef.htm http://gaga.essortment.com/historyofelect_rdmu.htm