The Yellow Wallpaper (1421 words) Essay Example For Students

The Yellow Wallpaper (1421 words) Essay The Yellow WallpaperThe Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, is a story told from the first person point of view of a doctors wife who has nervous condition. The first person standpoint gives the reader access only to the womans thoughts, and thus, is limited. The limited viewpoint of this story helps the reader to experience a feeling of isolation, just as the wife feels throughout the story. The point of view is also limited in that the story takes places in the present, and as a result the wife has no benefit of hindsight, and is never able to actually see that the men in her life are part of the reason she never gets well. This paper will discuss how Gilmans choice of point of view helps communicate the central theme of the story- that women of the time were viewed as being subordinate to men. Also, the paper will discuss how ignoring oneself and ones desires is self-destructive, as seen throughout the story as the womans condition worsens while she is in isolation, in t he room with the yellow wallpaper, and her at the same time as her thoughts are being oppressed by her husband and brother. We will write a custom essay on The Yellow Wallpaper (1421 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the story, the narrator is forced to tell her story through a secret correspondence with the reader since her husband forbids her to write and would ?meet with heavy opposition? should he find her doing so (390). The womans secret correspondence with the reader is yet another example of the limited viewpoint, for no one else is ever around to comment or give their thoughts on what is occurring. The limited perspective the reader sees through her narration plays an essential role in helping the reader understand the theme by showing the womans place in the world. At the time the story was written, women were looked down upon as being subservient beings compared to men. No matter what a woman did or thought, she was still seen as the lesser of the sexes. Like the narrator, women of that time were directed to suppress their creativity as it threatened the dominating males sense of control. By having the narrator be forced to write in secret, There comes John, and I must put this awa y he hates to have me write a word, Gilman was able to show that even the simplest things, like wanting to write were forbidden, lest the male approved (392). Prohibited from working and not being able to contribute to the household as a proper wife, the narrator begins to feel helpless: So I? am absolutely forbidden to ?work until I am well again. Personally, I disagree with their ideas (390). The narrators husband and brother both exert their own will over hers, forcing her to do what they think is the appropriate behavior for a sick woman. She has been given a schedule prescription for each hour in the day; takes all care from me (391). The way that she is required to act involves practically no exertion of her own free-will. Instead, she is expected to obediently accept the fact that her own ideas are mere fancy, and only the opinions of the men in her life can be trusted. The fact that she is not allowed to think for herself is narrowing the extent of her authority in her lif e and of her autonomy. With no creative outlet her mind starts to find things upon which to dwell, things that only she can see. Virtually imprisoned in her bedroom, supposedly to allow her to rest and recover, she slowly starts to go insane. Without compassion or an outlet for her creativity, her mind turns inward and focuses on her now increasingly shrinking universe. She has no say in the location or the decor of her room: I dont like our room a bit. . . But John would not hear of it (391). She is not allowed visitors: It is so discouraging not to have any advice and companionship . . . but he says he would as soon put fireworks in my pillow-case as to let me have those stimulating people about now (393). In large part because of this oppression, that John offhandedly bestows, both her mental and physical conditions continue to decline. I dont feel as if it was worthwhile to turn my hand over for anything and Im getting dreadfully fretful and querulous (394). But by keeping her a prisoner in a room with offensive wallpaper and very little to occupy her mind, John almost forces her to dwell on her psyche. Prison is supposed to be depressing, and she is pretty close to being a prisoner. The story does hint to the fact that John knows he could have done more but simply does not seem to want to be bothered with the effort of such an endeavor for his wife. He never acknowledges that she has a real problem until the end of the story- at which time he fainted. Perhaps, if she had been allowed to come and go, and do as she pleased her depression might have lifted: I think sometimes that if I were only well enough to write a little it would relieve the press of ideas and rest me (393). It seems to her that just being able to tell someone how she really feels would have eased her depression, but her husband would not hear of it because of the embarrassing consequences it could bring to the family name. Thus, John has made her a prisoner in their marriage where her opinions are pushed aside, and her self-worthiness questioned. It is her inner conflict however, that is the predominant reason that she goes crazy. Blaming John and his actions toward her, is just a simple excuse for her inability to get well. She does not want to admit to herself, that perhaps, John doesnt know what the right treatment for someone in her condition is, and the fact that she never inquires upon the treatment John prescribes, further proves the deterioration of her psyche. .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68 , .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68 .postImageUrl , .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68 , .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68:hover , .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68:visited , .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68:active { border:0!important; } .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68:active , .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68 .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u923215266452960e085207443022eb68:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Environmental Ethics EssayNever do we observe any of the other characters points of view. Gilman purposely does this so that the reader is called to rely solely upon the woman, even when her mental condition worsens. The narrator is required to seek and receive advice from those around her instead of making up her own mind, since she is not given the opportunity to interact with anyone aside from those who restrict her. This further contributes to the central theme in that it shows that woman clearly cannot think for herself and must rely on others opinions of how she should conduct herself. John wished for the woman to simply ignore her own thoughts and to whatever he ask ed of her. It was impossible for her to do this and survive, since ignoring oneself is obviously self-destructive. Gilman shows through the diary type format of the story, a sort of desperation of the narrator. Gilman wants the reader to see just how oppressed the woman truly is and how her mental condition deteriorates, by allowing the reader to see what she is thinking. Her assertion at the conclusion of the story that I have got out at last is ironic, because although she now has the opportunity to physically get out of the prison-like room and try the cure that she prescribed for herself, she chooses to ignore it (401). She has become a complete burden to John, though her original goal was to become such a help to John (392). She has discovered the one place where she can have supreme control, and nothing will challenge her, apart from her own mind. But she has zero capability left to even interact normally with the outer physical world, and so it is although she isnt even there . Throughout the story, the reader is called to trust the narrator although it is clear she is going crazy, for she is the only telling the story. Gilman is able to develop the theme through this characters point of view by showing that the narrator has no choice in the world in which she lives she must obey the men in her life above all else. If Gilman chose any other perspective, the story would not have been able to portray the womans oppression as well, because the reader would not have been able to see into her mind as it slipped away well into insanity. English Essays

How Theories Obstruct Or Assist Practice Social Work Essays

How Theories Obstruct Or Assist Practice Social Work Essays How Theories Obstruct Or Assist Practice Social Work Essay How Theories Obstruct Or Assist Practice Social Work Essay A demand for Social Work Training is to guarantee that the instruction of theoretical cognition, accomplishments and values is based on [ pupils ] application to pattern ( NHS, 2002 p.3 ) . In response to the decease of babe Peter, the Social Work Taskforce published 15 recommendations including societal work grades necessitating a greater focal point on associating theory to pattern ( DCSF, 2009 p.18 ) . This increased accent between theory and pattern, will be considered in this essay, by discoursing if theories of human growing and development obstruct or help societal workers pattern. It is of import to recognize that there are a huge sum of human growing and development theories, which cover the life span, although one premise is that they merely relate to childhood. This essay, in sing how theories obstruct or assist pattern, will pull on those associating to working with older people. To clear up, this essay will utilize the word theory to intend both grand theories ( those borrowed from other subjects such as psychological science, sociology etc ) and middle scope theories ( those which combine the expansive theories with pattern experience ) ( Wilson et al, 2008 pp.106-107 ) . The history of societal work is helpful in understanding how theory became relevant for pattern. The 19th century industrial revolution impacted on the community constructions, which led to concerns over societal agitation and upset. These concerns influenced the growing of the societal scientific disciplines with the thought being to understand and alter society. Howe provinces, as new theories and accounts of human behavior were generated by psychologists, so new societal work theories and patterns arose ( Howe, 2009 p.17 ) . The Charity Organisation Society ( COS ) , founded in 1869, embraced the psychological theories in their charitable work. COS ab initio resisted any formal instruction for charity workers preferring supervising in the occupation. However, concerns over the criterion of staff and the impact of the occupation on them, together with the desire to be recognised as professionals in the societal field initiated them to put up formal societal work instruction ( Howe, 2009 ; Payne, 2005b ; Jones, 1996 p.191 ) . The value of learning human growing and development theories to societal work pupils is still recognised today in university classs. Teaching on theory is included in the instruction as it is seen to legalize societal work, giving the societal worker confidence, significance and understanding in their work without any contamination of tampering ( Jones, 1996 p.193 ) . The usage of theory helps the practician to experience that their positions are knowing and grounded ( Milner and OByrne, 2002 ) . Secker s research on societal workers pupils found that those who had a comprehendible apprehension of theory were more likely to be accessible and antiphonal with their service users, sharing their theoretical suggestions with the individual ( Howe, 2009 ; Payne, 2005a ) . Aboard this, is the professionalism a theoretical cognition gives to societal work ( Howe, 2009 ) . Thompson ( 2010 ) argues that other professionals and service users will be more confident in a societal worker who is able to show that their work is based on a theoretical model, therefore demoing accomplishments to grok and do sense of the service users state of affairs, instead than one who conjectures. Walker states, it is of import that societal workers have an apprehension of human development to work efficaciously with other subjects and to show a professional literacy commensurate with their position ( 2010, pp.xiv-xv ) . An illustration of this is a societal worker working within a Community Mental Health Team alongside Psychiatrists and Community Psychiatric Nurses who advocate the medical theoretical account and its accent on nosologies and remedies ( Parrish, 2010 p.10 ) . Working in this scene does non intend that the societal worker demands to disregard a psychosocia l position. To recommend for service users efficaciously, the societal worker demands to understand both the medical and psychosocial positions, as Parrish provinces it necessitate [ s ] the professional equivalent of being bilingual in being able to understand both positions at the same time ( Parrish, 2010 p.10 ) . In 1992, Hindmarsh s research on societal work alumnuss, showed that an apprehension of theory did supply the alumnuss with assurance. However, Hindmarsh argued that this assurance did non go on in pattern as alumnuss viewed the usage of theory as merely a tool to warrant their actions or supply answerability to their direction ( Payne, 2005a ) . Thompson argues that the professionalism of the societal worker is being impacted on by what he describes as managerialism ( 2010, p.51 ) . Thompson explains that authorities s budgeting tactics through performance indexs is forcing local authorities to run into marks. This is filtered down the direction construction, so that center directors are ordering what is required and should be implemented by societal workers, in order to accomplish the marks. Although societal workers are dedicated to the usage of theory in their pattern, managerialism has led to them missing professional assurance ( 2010 p.51 ) . It is argued that theory is excessively complicated and restricts spontaneousness, therefore it is unpointed for pattern. Alternatively a more realistic theoretical account of utilizing facts about the individual, an apprehension of the jurisprudence and practical accomplishments ( common sense ) is more effectual for societal work pattern ( Parrish, 2010 ; Walker and Crawford, 2010 ) . This position has been strongly argued against, as Coulshed provinces, theoryless pattern does non be ; we can non avoid looking for accounts to steer our actions, while research has shown that those bureaus which profess non to utilize theory offer a non job resolution, woolly and adrift service ( 1991, p.8 ) . Some theories become so familiar and accepted that they become incorporated into mundane life and linguistic communication, for illustration, Anna Freud s defense mechanism mechanisms and Daniel Levinson s mid-life crisis. By the fact that these theories become so socially recognized and em bedded into mundane linguistic communication ( described as informal theory ) , it is hard for a societal worker to avoid utilizing it in their pattern. Thompson argues, some kind of conceptual model ( and hence theory ) is therefore inevitable ( 2010, p.7 ) . Our ain life experience does non supply us with sufficient cognition to be able to assist others. It can do us to filtrate appraisals through our ain experience, which may be damaging but we could be incognizant of this. An advantage of holding a theoretical apprehension of human growing and development is that it gives us a broader position than our single life experience and balances decision-making ( Walker and Crawford, 2010 ) . Research has shown that societal workers have found it hard or are incognizant of how they apply theory to pattern ( Tanner and Harris, 2008 ; Smid and Van Krieken, 1984 ) . Therefore, work is a everyday procedure for societal workers if they do non hold an apprehension of theory ( Parton, 1996, p.92 ) . Social worker instruction is blamed for this trouble with universities either being excessively theoretical, or excessively practical, whichever accent taken, it consequences in doing theory and pattern appear as separate entities ( Smid and Van Krieken, 1984 ) . The different theoretical attacks to human growing and development can look confounding to the societal worker, as each emphasis different countries as a ground for the individual s state of affairs. An illustration of this is the procedure of ageing : a biological position is to concentrate on the physical impact of a individual turning older ; a psychological position nevertheless, will concentrate on the impairment of cognitive operation ; and eventually a sociological perceptual experience will look at the societal constructions and the older individual s topographic point in that construction. As Hughes provinces, The images created by the assorted theoretical positions biological, psychological, sociological, political-economic are per se different and create rather distinguishable images of the experience and societal status of older people ( Hughes, 1995 p.18 ) . Although each attack emphasises different countries, they all potentially provide something helpful and equal ly true ( Milner and OByrne, 2002 p.81 ) . With each attack supplying something utile in understanding the individual s state of affairs the societal worker needs to back up the service user in happening which 1 with be most helpful to utilize ( Milner and OByrne, 2002 ) . However, instead than seeing this confusion as a hinderance to societal work pattern, this is what is cardinal to societal work. It is what gives it its value and importance because it specialises in state of affairss where there are no known solutions ( Statham and Kearney cited in Howe, 2009 p.190 ) . It is the ability of the societal worker to pull together the assorted theoretical positions in order to fix a realistic and balanced attention program. There are development theories that are in direct struggle and/or dismiss each other such as Disengagement and Activity theories ( Hughes, 1995 ; Howe, 2009 ) . Disengagement Theory proposes that as person ages they of course disengage from certain societal functions and maps, which ensures continuity of the system and equilibrium between different societal groups ( Hughes, 1995 pp.25-26 ) . Disengagement was viewed as fulfilling for the older individual and supplying well-being, as it freed them from certain functions and maps that they no longer were able to carry through, such as retiring from work, thereby, assisting people to age good ( Hughes, 1995 ; Bond et Al, 2007 ) . Activity theory wholly opposes this thought and proposes that staying actively involved in the community, both physically and mentally, provided wellbeing and satisfaction for the individual ( Walker and Crawford, 2010 ) . Both theories provide definite account for the troubles in acquiring old. The activity / detachment argument has led to a figure of farther theories either seeking to decide the struggle, such as Gubrium s socio-environmental attack, or dispute one theory to back up the other, such as Cowgill s modernization attack ( Lynott and Lynott, 1996 ) . The practician s quandary is similar, should they aline themselves with one or ignore both theories. A danger for the societal worker is that s/he utilizations theory as a manner to detect the truth or ultimate solution for the individual ( Thompson, 2010, pp.11-12 ) . Lee argues against this, theoretical statements are the general rules that give rise to hypotheses, or bad facts ( 1985, p.22 ) . No individual or state of affairs is precisely the same which means neither can at that place be a cosmopolitan solution or theory to suit all ( Lees and Lees, 1975 ) . A postmodern position is that truth can non be found in one lone theory, alternatively a overplus of truths for a peculiar state of affairs can be found in utilizing multiple theories ( Milner and OByrne, 2002 ) . As Pease and Fook cited in Howe province, There are many positions and voices and it is now recognised that they all need to be heard if the complex nature of truth is to be established ( 2009, p.191 ) . Walker ( 2010 ) argues that a individual s growing and development can non be clarified by one theory. Parrish takes this farther by saying that if a societal worker s pattern were based on one theory it would turn out deplorably unequal ( 2010, p.6 ) . An alliance to one specific theoretical point of view can be unsafe, as the societal worker is unable to recognize of import issues that do non match with that peculiar point of view. For illustration Erikson s eight phases of development although helpful in understanding age related activities, has been criticised for its male, patriarchal stance in missing consciousness of other factors that can impact on development, such as gender, race, societal category etc. ( Thompson, 2010 ; Parrish, 2010 ) . This highlights the value of recognizing and critically analyzing a figure of theories in a state of affairs, instead than believing one is more superior to another. As Thompson illustrates, the brooding practician being a seamster cu tting the fabric of the cognition base to bring forth a closely trim solution to the pattern challenges being faced, instead than looking for a ready-made, off-the-rack solution ( 2010, p.16 ) . A societal worker may see mixing a figure of theories so to supply one combined theory, which Payne describes as eclecticism ( Thompson, 2010 and Payne, 2005a p.31 ) . Eclecticism has been criticised as an inexperient manner to utilize theory ( Payne, 2005a ) . Alternatively the current position is to take a critical, brooding attack, utilizing the individual s history, behavior and fortunes. Theories should be considered and weighed up as to their utility for each individual ( Adams et al, 2009 ; Thompson, 2010 ) . Using a scope of theories allows a multi-dimensional apprehension of state of affairss to develop and enables the restrictions of one position to be offset by the advantages of another ( Tanner and Harris, 2008 p.37 ) . By taking a critical and brooding attack to theory and pattern this can assist the societal worker make sense of the differences and dissensions between the assorted human growing and development theories ( Payne, 2005a ) . A critical and brooding attack, allows the societal worker to value and accept the assortment of theories applicable for a peculiar state of affairs ( Adams, 2009 ) . As Fook argues, critical and postmodern pattern hence involves a acknowledgment of different ways of knowing, in peculiar a automatic ability to prosecute with altering state of affairss ( 2002, p.44 ) . Harmonizing to Thompson ( 2010 ) , the chief important intent for using theory to pattern is that it defines our pattern. Misca provinces, cognition of human growing and development dramas an indispensable portion in measuring, planning and intervening in a successful, positive manner in people s lives ( 2009 p.116 ) . Fook describes utilizing theories, as our rational tools, instead than as regulation books as they assist and direct pattern ( 2002, p.69 ; Walker and Crawford, 2010 ) . This means that a theoretical cognition can supply a practician with the apprehension and account of a individual s behavior and state of affairs. Consideration of Bowlby s Attachment theory with aging and dementedness will be used to exemplify this. Bowlby stated that typically within the first 9 months of a individual s life, they develop an fond regard to their primary health professional . Ainsworth, working aboard Bowlby, extended fond regard theory. Through the Strange Situation tests, she proposed three types of fond regard behaviors: Anxious/Avoidant, Anxious/Resistant and Securely Attached ( Parrish, 2010 ) . Although Bowlby did non transport out any surveies on older people, he did reason that, attachment behavior continues to play a necessary function into maturity ( Browne and Shlosberg, 2006 p.135 ) . It has merely been since the late twentieth century, that Bowlby s fond regard theory has been applied throughout the human lifetime and in peculiar to dementia ( Bond et al, 2007 ) . Bowlby suggested that when grownups are ailing or under emphasis so attachment behavior is likely ( Browne and Shlosberg, 2006 ) . Miesen, an advocate for fond regard theory, researched the general behavior of people with dementedness. He likened a brainsick province of crying, cleaving and naming as being in Ainsworth s unusual state of affairs ( Bond et al, 2007 ) . Miesen researched parent arrested development which is when a individual with dementedness believes that his/her deceased parent is still alive. His survey concluded that dementedness triggers attachment behaviors ( Browne and Shlosberg, 2006 ) . De Vries and McChrystal province, Bowlby s fond regard theory has provided a conceptual and empirical model for analyzing some behaviors of people with dementedness and provided a agency of con struing them in footings of responses to loss ( 2010, p288 ) . A theoretical cognition besides provides solutions for attacks of intercession, to help the service user and enables the practician to expect future issues ( Parrish, 2010 ) . Continuing to utilize the above illustration, two new ways of working within an attachment theory model have late been developed to help working with people with dementedness: simulated presence therapy ( SPT ) and doll therapy ( Browne and Shlosberg, 2006 ) . The trouble for the societal worker is that separate theories can take to different attacks to pattern, so that the societal worker has to take which is the right 1 ( Walker and Crawford, 2010 ) . Milner and OBryne ( 2002 ) argue that the theory, which provides the greatest penetration and leads to an attack that meets the service user s aims, is the 1 to utilize. The job with this is who decides which is the theory that gives the greatest penetration, is it the societal worker or managerial/government determination. If it is the latter so it disempowers the societal worker. However, if it is the former it is dependent on the cognition base of the societal worker. Beckett and Taylor explain, Fortunately or unluckily, no theory about human life can of all time be wholly nonsubjective or value free ( 2010 p.4 ) . Human growing and development theories have been criticised for reflecting the dominant beliefs of the theoretician s society. As Thompson provinces, Theorising is by no means a pure activity, detached from the world of the societal and political universe ( 1995, p.32 ) . For illustration, Erikson, Levinson and Havighurst s theories on grownup phases of development have all been criticised This essay has noted some theories of human growing and development in aging. However, it is besides of import for a Social Worker in his/her pattern to admit that service users will hold their ain thoughts to explicate their fortunes and behavior. As Gubrium and Wallace explain, We find that theory is non something entirely engaged in by scientists. Rather, there seem to be two bing universes of theory in human experience, one engaged by those who live the experiences under consideration, and one organised by those who make it their professional concern consistently to analyze experience ( cited in Tanner and Harris, 2008 p.36 ) . Erickson emphasised the demand to look at a individual as an individual and hence, a societal worker in his/her pattern needs to take this into consideration, instead than seeking to acquire a theory to suit the individual s state of affairs ( Milner and OByrne, 2002 ) . It is of import for the societal worker to be cognizant of anti-oppressive pattern in sing a theoretical model by non taking into history the service user s positions. S/he needs to be cognizant of his/her professional power and besides the demand to authorise the service user in doing determinations and alterations ( McDonald, 2010 ; Thompson, 2010 ) . As shown, holding a theoretical apprehension of human growing and development can help societal work pattern by legalizing the work done, giving the societal worker assurance and supplying a model for the work. However, it is non the theoretical apprehension itself that hinders pattern but alternatively the application of the theory. Theory in pattern is hindered by managerialism, the danger of anti-oppressive pattern and restrictions of societal workers knowledge and experience.

The Ability to Value Assets Accurately is at the Heart of the Essay

The Ability to Value Assets Accurately is at the Heart of the Discipline of Finance. Discuss - Essay Example Inappropriate asset valuation would fail to determine the actual status of the business performance which would adversely affect the formulation of business strategies. According to Brigham & Daves (2009), â€Å"Real options are opportunities for management to change the timing, scale, or other aspects of an investment in response to changes in market conditions.† (Brigham & Daves, 2009, p.490). Since the real options are concerned with the real assets such as plants, fixtures, and land, it enables the management to take timely and appropriate decisions regarding investment strategies. Brigham and Daves also opine that formulation of model and estimation of input is necessary for the valuation of real options in investments. It will be a cumbersome task for the management to determine the exact value of real options in investment since it includes intangible components like contract, decision to expand or abandon etc. Even though exact valuation of real options is not possible, it helps to determine the sustainability of the proposed project. According to the writers, in order to valuate the real options more accurately, it is better to trea t the valuation with a ‘standard model for financial option’. Similarly usage of ‘discounted cash flow valuation and decision tree analysis’ are also better methods in order to increase the accuracy of valuation of real options (Brigham & Daves, 2009, pp.490-491). If the value of underlying asset (an asset underlies and offers value to the particular security or investment) can be properly estimated, then it is possible to find out the value of real options in investment almost accurately. Likewise, while dealing with valuation of real options, it is essential to represent the payouts precisely in order to bring out maximum relevant facts in the valuation process. The Black-Scholes model is a comparatively better method to determine the theoretical value of real

Accounting Disclosures In Context Of Corporate Governance Coursework

Accounting Disclosures In Context Of Corporate Governance - Coursework Example Firstly, the framework of corporate governance should ensure that timely and accurate disclosures are made on all material matters. These matters relate to the financial situation of a company, its performance, ownership, and governance. This principle ensures that an entity will disclose all material information in its financial statements that will be used by shareholders or prospective clients to make decisions. Secondly, the corporate governance framework should ensure the strategic guidance of the company, the effective monitoring of management by the board and the board's accountability to the shareholders. This means that management will always be on their toes to ensure that the operations of the company are well coordinated since the board of directors monitors them. Hence, appropriate disclosures are likely to be made due to the oversight role of the board. In conclusion, the attempts that have been made to improve accounting disclosures have been beneficial to the business world. According to Oppermann, this is because; various stakeholders have attained their goals through appropriate disclosures. Through corporate governance, managers have taken more responsibility and accountability in their roles in businesses as well as the board of directors. In overall, the public has gained more confidence in financial information published by companies, as they are aware that disclosures have been made guided by corporate governance principles and the accounting standards.

British Empire and American Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

British Empire and American Revolution - Essay Example Later the Sugar act was reformed and tax was slashed to 3 pence a pound with new customs service .There was huge resistance in paying tax and towards the end of 1766, the tax was reduced to a penny for a barrel. Stamp Act of 1765 was another policy reformation declaring tax on that legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, playing cards, and hand bills. A stamp is affixed to confirm the tax payment. Colonies revolted against Stamp Act and threatened to boycott British goods. The British parliament revoked the stamp act in 1766 due to colonial pressure yet reinstating parliamentary supremacy by passing the declaratory act. There were duties imposed on paper, paint, lead, glass, and tea imported into the colonies leading to colonial boycotts hampering the trade by 50%. Boston Massacre in 1770 was a reactive outburst of tension developed between British soldiers and the local crowd. The crowd was throwing snowballs at British soldiers and panicky soldiers killed 5 people. Boston Massacre paved way for the emergence of committees for correspondence .These committees gained more momentum by destroying the British colonial assets like ships. Monopoly on tea was granted in 1773 by parliament as a resource plan to rescue the East India Company from financial crisis. This act enabled East India Company to handle both the shipping and the sale of its tea, thereby decreasing the price of tea. This created havoc in colonies and they boycotted tea to express their revolt. Angered by the colonial revolts, Britain government introduced Coercive Acts, in 1774 closing Boston port, transferring the colonial trials to other colonies or Britain and enabling the soldiers to reside in private homes and finally revoking the self government in Massachusetts. Britain ai med at isolation of colonies by introducing Coercive Acts but on the contrary the act united the colonies to a greater extent leading to formation of First Continental congress boycotting English goods. The year 1775 and 1776 witnessed clear outburst of colonies towards British Colonial policies leading to death of nearly 73 Britain Warriors. Thus the above cited incidences paved for the revolt process with greater degree of resistance and colonies evolved as a battalion to combat against the British colonial policy and they succeeded in their mission after the war of American Independence leading to liberalization of colonies. Bibliography Gipson, Lawrence Henry. The British Empire before the American Revolution. New York: Knopf, 1939-1970. Essay 2 Fundamental change with regard to the colonists, slaves, Native Americans and women after American Revolution. . The American Revolution brought a series of changes in colonial rule and had a drastic impact not only political but also on all

Social values of welfare: Hong Kong

Social values of welfare: Hong Kong Welfare is all collective interventions to meet certain needs of the individual and/or to serve the wider interests of society may now be broadly grouped intoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ categories of welfare (Titmuss, 1959). The development in the social values of welfare has always been changing throughout the centuries, particularly the 20th century. In traditional Chinese society, people used to believed that social welfare, or fuk lei, was given by kind-hearted philanthropists in society (N. Chow, 1994, p.325). In the early 20th century, the concept of social welfare was still very weak among Hong Kong people. Majority of welfare services were provided by non-government organizations before 1965 (W. S. Chow, 1993, p. 41). The situation changed after the publication of the white paper of the social welfare in 1965. Together with the rise of social worker, more people consider social welfare is part of their civil rights in the following decades. In 1997, the change in sovereignty of Hong Kong and the Asian financial crisis brought a significant impact on the social values of welfare. In the following paragraphs, I will briefly discuss the development of social welfare in Hong Kong and the corresponding social values of welfare, particularly the changes before and after 1997. As will be argued, there are both long term and short term factors that led the changes. The former would be the increasing consideration of civil rights and the latter would be the Asian financial crisis in 1997, the change in sovereignty of Hong Kong and the publication of Comprehensive Social Security Assistance (CSSA) Review. In the early 20th century, majority of people considered welfare was given by kind-hearted philanthropists in society. As Hong Kong was a colony of Britain at that time, the colonial government put their focuses on protecting the Britishs interest, particularly the British merchants. Hence, the living environment and welfare of local Chinese were not concerned by the colonial government unless it interfere the interest of British. With this colonial background, local Chinese rationalized the concept of welfare would not be given by the colonial government. The Chinese merchants used their wealth to establish and maintain their reputations and leadership roles through acts of charity (Leung, 1996, p.3). They set up organizations and gave welfare to the locals. Among these organizations, Tung Wah Hospital was the most noteworthy charitable organization which catered the medical services and welfare needs to the locals. Apart from these organizations, churches and clans man association would also give welfare to the locals too. In the post World War II period, the situation had a slightly change. In the post war period, a large number of non-government or voluntary welfare organizations were set up in Hong Kong. It is important to note that most of these welfare organizations had their parent-bodies overseas. A typical example of these organizations would be the Hong Kong Red Cross. During this emergency period, the internationally-linked welfare organization had probably done much more than the government in meeting the welfare needs of people (N. Chow, 1994, p.324). Although the concept of welfare is given by kind-hearted philanthropists was weaken, the majority of the Chinese in Hong Kong are still unable to wipe away the traditional notions of welfare and accept the modern idea that it should be the responsibility of the state to provide the necessary social welfare services (N. Chow, 1994, p. 325). Meanwhile, a large proportion of population was refugee from mainland China (Due to the civil war in Chin a). Part of them considered Hong Kong is there temporary shelter but not their home. Hence, welfare development would not be their consideration as they expected to leave Hong Kong soon. These factors made there were only little pressure groups would fight for the rights for the locals in that period. The situation further changed after 1965. In 1965, the colonial government published the White Paper on social welfare. N.Y. Chow (1993) suggests that to be exact, the beginning of social welfare policy of Hong Kong was after the publication of the first White Paper on social welfare in 1965 (p.41). The White paper was the first government document that discusses social welfare policy in Hong Kong. It explained the welfare development and integrated the experiences from the development. Also, it gives the stands of colonial government toward social welfare policy and reasons that made the government cannot implement comprehensive social policy in Hong Kong. Although the White Paper has been blamed for lacking in-depth discussion on the blueprint of social welfare development and the foreseeable challenges, but this White paper gives a foundation for the further development of social welfare system (W. S. Chow, 1993). The concept of social welfare and government were no longer disseve ring like the past. More people started to integrate social welfare into the role of government. The most rapid change was found in the 70s. There were two major factors that led the change, the Big Bang of social policy and the rise of social worker. The Big Bang of social policy was initiated by the 25th governor of Hong Kong, Murray MacLehose. After MacLehose take office the governor in 1972, he had a strong sense of responsibility towards social welfare, under his influence, amendment of social welfare policy was necessary (W. S. Chow, 1993, p. 52). Apart from it, the increasing social problems (i.e. the riot in 1966 and 1967, Corruption) led the demand for governments involvement in social welfare further increased. These factors urged the publication of the second White Paper of social welfare in 1973. The aim of the White Paper was giving a five year plan of social welfare development and dividing the responsibility in providing social welfare between government and voluntary organizations. The aspects of social welfare in the five year plan included education, housing, m edical service, social allowance, youth services etc. The comprehensive expansion of welfare services increased the involvement of people in social welfare system. The value of welfare would not be given by the colonial government was further weakening in this period. Apart from the Big Bang of social policy, the rise of social worker also led to the significant change in social value of welfare. The rise of social worker could be traced back to the professionalization of social work and the implement of professional training at the University of Hong Kong and the Chinese University of Hong Kong in the mid-1960s. In the 1960s, Fabian Socialism was the most fashionable approach taught in the social work schools of the two universities (N. Chow, 1994, p.327). Equality, freedom and fellowship are the central values of Fabian Socialism. The social work students in 60s and 70s were strongly influenced by these values. They had a strong sense of working towards a more equal and justice society. Hence, when the students became social workers in society, they would try to advocate policies that achieve to these two ideals. More people would consider welfare as a means to achieve an equal society. Meanwhile, the young social workers at that time also stres sed on civil rights. They believed that social welfare is one the important parts of civil rights. When they graduated, they would educate and advocate the public to uphold their civil rights through different social actions. As a result, under this influence, it led to the rise of the awareness of welfare system as rights enjoyed by citizen. Another significant change of social values of welfare could be found in 1997. The major factor that led to the change is the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. Before the crisis, the economy in Hong Kong was at boom. Majority of people were actively investing in property market and stock market. At that time, people emphasized on material values and short-term time horizon. Material values are the major criterion used to evaluate the worth of things and people (C.K. Wong, K. L. Chow K.Y. Wong, 2001, p.68). Meanwhile, majority of Chinese investor were looking for the maximum benefit in the shortest period of time. Topley states that many Chinese still prefer to invest in non-industrial property and trade because of the relatively quicker return of capital and profits. When investing in industry, the overwhelming desire of investors is to look for quick profits by whatever means present themselves as attractive in the short run rather than to look for opportunity for starting long-term investment. (as cited in Lau, 1982, p.70) As both of the property market and stock market were so flourished, the economic environment enabled people to achieve the above goals simultaneously. This in turn led Hong Kong became one of the wealthiest cities in Asia. The living standard in Hong Kong was one of the highest in Hong Kong history in the early mid 1990s. As most people could sustain their life in the market, they put less consideration on the welfare system. At that time, people would consider social welfare system was only for those who were in need in society, like elderly and disabled people. In other words, despite the underprivileged and the corresponding pressure group, majority in society would not care about the welfare system as they believed they could achieve self-sustentions in market. In general, social welfare development was overwhelmed by economic development at that period. But a significant change was provoked by the 1997 financial crisis. A great depression in both stock market and property market was provoked by the crisis. Lots of people were bankrupted because of the suddenly fall in the property market. Also, a massive unemployment was accompanied with the economic downturn, particularly in the financial sector. The decline in consumption led to further depression in other non-financial sector. The financial crisis brought two major impacts on the welfare system. First, it led to a significant fall in the tax income of the government. Second, more people fall into the safety net of the welfare system. In other words, it led an increase in demand for welfare services. Simultaneously, it would increase the welfare expenditure of the government. As these two factors happened at the same time, this brought heavy pressure on the financial budget of the government. At the same period, the sovereignty of Hong Kong changed back to China. One of the problems that foresee by the government is the increase in immigrants from China. In the review report of CSSA that published by the Social Welfare Department, it suggests that the increase in mainland immigrants would lead to an increase application for CSSA. It implies that the government believes that a number of mainland immigrants would rely on the welfare system for livelihood. Before the publication of the report, the government already spread this ideology through news and government press. At that time, the government disclosed different abusive cases of CSSA by the new immigrants. This made the public also be believed the new immigrants would bring pressure to Hong Kong welfare system. The economic downturn, mainland immigrants, together with the foreseeable aging population, these made the government believed a review for welfare system is necessary. As the government wanted to tighten the budget for social welfare expenditure, the publication of the review report was a means of government to the public support. This report brought a momentous impact on the social value of welfare. In particular, there were more people believed that abusive cases are common in the welfare system after the publication of the report. For example, the report suggested the level of benefits for four-person household is high. The average monthly payment for a four-person household increased in 120% from 1980s to 1990s. But the median wage of workers only increased 41%. The government suggested that this would create disincentive to work and lead to long term dependency on welfare system. According to a survey, 36.4% of respondents believed that the increasing number of CSSA cases becau se the criteria for application is too lenient (C.K. Wong, K. L. Chow K.Y. Wong, 2001, p.5). Although the way and method that government used to interpret and present the statistics had bias and hidden agenda, majority still believed that CSSA was breeding lazy people. Since CSSA has a strict income test and asset test, statistics of Suspected Fraud and Abuse was minimal. But the mass media created a negative image of CSSA recipients as they only reporting fraud and abusive cases. This, in turn, created a strong labeling effect on CSSA recipients. In a survey, 40.8% of respondents agreed that CSSA recipients are not deserved to be help (C.K. Wong, K. L. Chow K.Y. Wong, 2001, p.9). This reflected the fact that CSSA recipients were stigmatized. Apart from stigmatization of CSSA recipients, the role of welfare that interpreted by the public is also worth to discuss. Compare with giving direct welfare, people considered that self-reliance would be more appropriate. In a survey, 70.3% of respondents believed that people should satisfy their needs through self-reliance. On the other hand, only 8.6% respondents believed that people should satisfy their needs through social welfare (C.K. Wong, K. L. Chow K.Y. Wong, 2001, p.30). The development of the concept self-reliance could be explained by the Utilitarianistic Familism. Utilitarianistic Familism is social values of the Chinese people in Hong Kong (Lau, 1982). Chinese people would put the interest of family member in a higher priority over others. The bonding of the family members was strong. In addition to the extended family structure in the early mid 20th century, people would not look for help from government; rather, they would look for help from family members. As most problems could be solved without the help of government, it contributed to the development a sense of self-reliance. This concept is particularly prevailing value hold by the older generation (i.e. Those who born in the Post War Baby Boom). From the above discussion, we can see two sets of contradictory social values of welfare have developed in Hong Kong. On one hand, more people consider social welfare as their civil rights. On the other hand, people stigmatize some welfare recipients. It makes the rights of accessing welfare become alienated from the civil rights. These two contradictory values lead to different conflicts in society. Social workers, pressure groups and non-government organizations are striving for destigmatization of the welfare recipients. Lots of social actions like social demonstration and public forum are used to promote this civil rights. But at the same time, the government is attempting to marginalize the welfare recipients in order to reduce the welfare expenditure. From time to time, the government would publish the fraud and abusive case in CSSA. It seems that it wants to remind people that abusive cases are still common in welfare system. These, in turn, led to never-ending debates between the two interest groups. As seen in above discussion, it is hard to find a consensus towards the value of welfare in Hong Kong. The historical background, personal experiences and education would have a strong influence on the development of our value. But it seems that government would spread concepts and ideas that deviated from the principles of social welfare equality and equity, because its political agenda. Whether the ultimate goal of government is bring a stable and harmonious society in Hong Kong is questionable.

Electronica Essay -- Music Musical History Essays

Electronica Electronica is a term coined to describe a relatively new genre of music. This type of music generally revolves around maniplating music in a digital and analog sense. Over time, as technology has improved, the growth of computers and other electronic musical instruments, such as synthesizers, and drum machines has greatly increased the capabilities of electronica. The very first instances of "electronica" were created by the ancient Greeks, who with their intrinsic ingenuity created machines for this very purpose. In the 2nd century, B.C., the Hydraulis was invented a Greek who was fascinated by pneumatics. He was an expert on the use of hydraulic systems for powering mechanical devices, and his most famous invention, the Hydraulis, used water to regulate the air pressure inside an organ. In this device , a set of pumps forced air into the organ, that was channeled to create sound. Later, mechanical instruments evolved, such as the Greek Aeolian harp, the hurdy-gurdy, and fully mechanical organs. Also by this time, Pythagoras, the famous Greek mathematician, also discovered numerical ratios which corresponded to intervals on the musical scale, or as we know them today, octaves. The modern age of electronica finally started, as great American inventors Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell invent new devices that could transmit and record sounds. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph. To record, an indentation on a moving strip of paraffin coated paper tape was made by means of a diaphragm with an attached needle. This mechanism eventually lead to a continuously grooved, revolving metal cylinder wrapped in tin foil. Then, In 1880, Alexander Graham Bell devised and patented several means for tra... ... made them a target of more conservative groups who believe they have lost the original vision of techno. I cannot disagree more with these groups, since the music that they enjoy is in my opinion, some of the worst NOISE ever created in human history, along with teen angst Punk, and of course, American "Patriotic" Country. The basic premise of electronica was to add a danceable element to music. It has been wildly successful as can be observed by listening to almost any pop artist. In recent times, these kinds of "sugar" pop groups became so popular that eventually there is a negative reaction to all such dance music. But sooner or later a "fun" element will come back into vogue. Bibliography http://www.geocities.com/EnchantedForest/Meadow/8887/elect/ http://www.jam2dis.com/j2delectronicadef.htm http://gaga.essortment.com/historyofelect_rdmu.htm

What can you learn about teenage fashion from source one?

A woman who grew up in the 1950s writes source 1. She is talking in the 1980s therefore it is a secondary source. It tells us about teenage fashion in the 1950s, and the lengths that the teenagers went to, to keep up with the new fashions. Being something that played a huge role in a teenager's life. Although it is only one persons opinion about what happened in the 1950s. It tells us of the female fashion in the 1950s. The girls in the 1950s went to such lengths to buy a sewing machine. ‘When I first started work I bought a sewing machine'. Also the girls purchased new material every week to make new clothes ‘every week I'd buy material to make a dress for the weekend'. We can infer from this that the girls were desperate to stay up to date with the fashions of the time. The fashions were full skirts, and lots of petticoats. The amount of time that they spent on fashion was tremendous. If they made a dress every week, that is a lot of time to spend on fashion. The source stresses the importance of fashion in the minds of young women (teenage girls). It was so important to them that they had to make their own clothes. The idea that they made their clothes themselves lets us infer that the shops did not yet make the clothes that they wanted. It says that the ‘dress-makers were always busy'. But although this source tells us a lot about the fashions for women it neglects the male fashion. What the teenage boys were wearing is not explained in this source. Also the opinion of only one woman is expressed. From this source we cannot be sure that the woman speaking was the only person wearing those specific clothes. This source shows the opinion of one woman in the 1950s. But we have to speculate upon the fact that it may not be a routine followed by all the other teenage girls in England in the 1950s. IN WHAT WAYS DO SOURCES TWO AND THREE AGREE ABOUT LIFE IN THE 1950s The two sources are statistical; they do not say were they are taken from. Source 2 is about the average weekly wages during 1950 and 1960. Source 3 shows an increase in consumer spending in certain areas from 1948 to 1960. They both support each other in some way or another. Source 2 shows an average increase in the average amount of weekly wages from 1950 to 1960. Source 3 shows an increase in consumer spending. To be exact it shows an increase of about 6 times. Therefore as wages went up, they had more disposable income and there was more demand for goods that were previously unavailable to the general public. As wages went up so did the standard of living in the 1950s. We can infer from this that the standard of living increased in the 1950s. There are some limitations to the statistical sources, because as with most statistics they are not exact, they are averages, they are generalised and vague, it was unlikely they could have asked everyone (only a small percent of the British population) and they could have asked people in one particular area which might be different to another area. Both the sources show a major increase in money and spending. As before the war, the 1940s, the average person did not have much of a disposable income compared to the average person in the 1950s. In the 1950s more money was around so people could afford new things that they were previously unable to buy. Also consumer goods were getting cheaper because of mass production and the assembly line. Therefore in the 40s the children could not be teenagers because the teenagers need the money and the goods were expensive and in the 1940s there was not a lot of money around in Britain. In the 1950s there was more money around, so the general public could spend more money on luxuries. Rather than going without. SOURCES ONE, TWO AND THREE ARE ABOUTLIFE IN THE 1950S. HOW USEFUL ARE THEY ABOUT LIFE THEN? Source 1 tells us about the importance of fashion to female teenagers. Source 2 tells us about the average weekly wages in the country during 1950 to 1960. Source 3 tells us about the consumer spending on non-essential items. Although these sources have their strong points they also have their limitations. Source 1 tells us that fashion was very important to the female teenagers. Judging by the amount of time, effort and money that the woman in source 1 put in, fashion must have played a very big part in her life. She says that she spent her first wage on a ‘sewing machine'. She also brought new material every week, ‘every week I'd buy new material' she said. Also we can infer from this that if she bought the material and the sewing machine, the shops did not yet sell or even make for that matter make the clothes that the teenage girls wanted. Source 2 tells us that from 1950 to 1960 the average weekly wages rose from à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½7.28 in 1950 to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½14.10 in 1960. This tells us that the average person had more money to spend on non-essential items, more disposable income. We can infer from source 2 that people spent their money on recreational goods, and in source 3 this is confirmed. People spent more money on private transport in 1960 than in 1948. Radios, television sets, and electrical goods were spent more on during the same time period. These two sources, (sources 2 & 3), tell us only about the average person but not about the people who were not affected by the economic boom. They also do not give us a comparison with another time period. Source 1 is limited because it tells us a lot about the fashion for women; it neglects the male fashion (teenage boy's fashion). It is only the opinion of one woman expressed and from the source we cannot be sure that the woman speaking was the person wearing these specific clothes. The sources are not very useful about general life in the 50s, as they say nothing about the extremes of poverty or wealth. The information is not very specific, it's too broad. Also during the 50s judging from the sources no politics occurred. But obviously there is some sort of political news happening in Britain during the 50s. None of the three sources even speculate upon the fact of politics. In conclusion the three sources are not very good in telling us about life in the 1950s, as they do not talk about most things, such as politics. The sources are too narrow on what they say. They only talk about one thing that happened. By using the sources we learn that teenage girls made their own clothes, the averages wages in the country went up, and that spending on non-essential goods also went up. Surely there must have been more to the 1950s than this? Life is about loads of things e.g. crime, religion, unemployment, not just about money and fashion. There obviously was but the sources do not tell us this. DOES SOURCE FOUR SUPPORT THE EVIDENCE OF SOURCES 1 2 & 3? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER. Source four is from the book, ENGLAND, HALF ENGLISH, written in 1961 by Colin Mcinnes. This source is therefore a secondary source. Sources 1 and 4 are slightly different as in source 1 it says, â€Å"dress-makers were always busy†. This shows that the dressmakers did not have time for teenagers and thought that they were a waste of time and that they were not important. But in source 4 it says that they were ‘studied with respect'. We can infer from this that the adults paid attention to the teenagers. The sources are probably contradicting themselves because of the time span, source one was about the 1950s and source four is about 1961. Source 4 says teenagers have lots of spare money, but source1 says she couldn't afford to buy new clothes and had to make her own. Source 2 supports source 4. This is because source two says that in 1960 the average weekly wages went up to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½14.10. In source 4 it says teenagers ‘are left with more spending money than most of their elders'. This is because the teenagers do not have the same amount of responsibilities, or as the source puts it, ‘obligations' that the adults have. Adults have families to worry about, adults have to put food on the table, and adults have to pay the bills. Where as teenagers do not have these ‘obligations' to worry about. The source clearly says that they only have to pay ‘a pound or two' to their parents, and this is considerably less than their elders have to pay out of their wages. Source 3 is about what consumers spend their money on. It says that in 1960 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½600 million was spent on motorcars and cycles, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½463 million on radios, television sets, and electrical goods and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½352 million up from à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½169 million in 1948 on recreation. Source four supports this by saying that the entertainment industry studies the teenagers ‘with respect'. This shows that the entertainment industry values the teenagers because they are their number one target audience. Teenagers spend more money on entertainment and if the entertainment industry studies them ‘with respect'; it shows that the entertainment industry knows that teenagers are powerful and wealthy. In conclusion source four is a very strong source as the three sources support it some way or another. Although source one differs from source four slightly they have the same couple of points. But the sources 2 & 3 back up what is said in source four. HOW VALUABLE ARE SOURCES 5 & 6 AS EVIDENCE ABOUT THE IMPACT OF YOUTH CULTURE? Source 5 is very valuable in shoeing the impact of youth culture. Although it talks only about clothes and fashion. Source 6 talks about ‘teddy children', and it is quite valuable. But it is rather brief. Source 5 is from a ‘history of post war Britain', Peter Lane writes it in 1971 and therefore it is a secondary source. This source mostly talks about fashion mostly. This source also talks about the new slang that was first employed by teenagers and the shops in which they purchased their clothes. ‘Fab' and ‘gear' were the particular words used. ‘In the 1940s, Dior†¦had catered for the very rich and the less well to do had imitated these fashions'. We can infer from this that the less rich, the general public, did not have any designers specifically aimed towards them. But when the teenage revolution occurred in the 1950s the designers created clothes that were ‘simple' and also, most importantly ‘relatively cheap'. We can infer from this that the designers had seen the new culture of young people referred to as a ‘classless society'. They were called a ‘classless society' because where the adults were separated by lots of disposable income and not much disposable income. The youths had now received roughly the same amount of money as each other. So if you saw one youth in the street you could not distinguish between one or the other. Whether they had come from a richer or poorer family. The youths in the 1950s went to London's Carnaby Street for clothes. Carnaby Street became their ‘Mecca'. We can infer from the use of the word ‘Mecca' that the youths would go to Carnaby street in the thousands, fairly regularly. They would pilgrimage to Carnaby Street. Before the 1950s the designers, as I have said before, would design for the very rich and the poorer would imitate these styles. Then after 1950 the designers would design for the young girls and the styles would be copied by the older. But the older women would complain that they couldn't find the ‘clothes they needed'. Source 6 is taken from the broadsheet newspaper, THE TIMES, on the 12th May 1956. It is therefore a primary source. This source is quite valuable to find out the impact of youth culture. Where source 5 spoke of clothes and slang it did not talk of the money that the youth had. Source 6 says that the youths, or ‘teddy children', were ‘highly solvent'. We can infer from this that the youths had plenty of ready cash for their disposable. In conclusion as good as these sources may be they have their limitations. Sources 5 & 6 both neglect the music business. This is bad because music plays a vital part in a teenager's life. They both talk mostly about fashion mostly. Judging from these two sources one might say that fashion was the only thing in a teenagers life. This is not true as music and other factors play a vital role in a teenagers' life. Source 5 is useful in telling us about the money and teenage culture. But what they both do not tell us about the effect on society that teenagers had. HOW CAN SOURCES 4 5 6 & 7 BE USED TO HELP EXPLAIN WHY ADULTS SOMETIMES FOUND TEENAGERS DIFFICULT TO UNDERSTAND? Source 4 is from a book ENGLAND, HALF ENGLISH by Colin Mcinnes, it is written in 1961. Source 5 is taken also from a book A HISTORY OF POST WAR BRITAIN by Peter Lane written in 1971, it is a secondary source. Source 6 is from an article in the times newspaper, on the date 12 may 1956. Source 7 is taken from another newspaper, a local newspaper, the Daily Dispatch, from the date 15 October 1954. The children in the 1950s were more privileged than their parents. In that the parents grew up during both the wars and in the 30s and the 40s where the children had no prospects, no job, and no money. During the war there was rationing and hardship. There was and still is a generation gap between the parents and their children. In the 50s the children, (teenagers), now had the money, the prospects, and the jobs. This was because of the economic boom. Whereas before in the 30s and the 40s the youths had no futures, now the youths had futures, money, and prospects. They had money to spend to spend on themselves. The parents had very different upbringings to that of their children. Also there were huge changes in the country that they were brought up in. Source 4 is taken from a book ‘England, Half English' by Colin Mcinnes. It is a secondary source. This source says ‘today, youth has money'. This implies that before the fifties, the children did not have money, or as much money as they have got in the 50s. The youth in the 50s had more money than their elders had. The teenagers have a new culture, which their parents do not understand because, they have never experienced it. Source 5 is taken from a book ‘A History of post war Britain', written by Peter Lane in 1971, this source is therefore a secondary source. It says that the fashions would start at the oldest and richest people and spread downwards to the rest of the general public. But in the 50s the fashion started at the teens and went upwards to the older generations of women. The older women complained that they found it ‘impossible to find the clothes that they needed'. We can infer from this that the middle-aged women did not understand the new fashions that were beginning to appear on Carnaby Street. Source 6 is taken from an article in THE TIMES it is in the edition that was published on 12 May 1956. This article is a primary source. This article expresses views that the children are now ‘highly solvent'. From this we can infer that the children have plenty of ready cash. This source shows that the children have a ‘strong sense of corporate identity'. This suggests that the businesses had respect for teenagers as most of their money came from them. ‘Simple†¦culture', this was when the article was talking about teenagers. It says ‘simple', that is ‘simple' to an adult. We can infer from this quote that adults found the youth culture ‘simple' and probably stupid as well. These adults might have had some fear about the youths because what people do not understand they fear. The adults did not understand the youths; they thought it was ‘simple'. Source seven is taken from a local newspaper, ‘the Daily Dispatch'; the article is taken out of the edition printed on 15 October 1954. This shows very clearly that adults found teenagers difficult to understand because there is a sense of bewilderment about it. ‘A crowd of idol worshippers' was the words that the reporter used to describe the concert. These words would not be used nowadays to describe a pop concert. We can infer from this that the reporter writing the article and many like him/her had ever experienced something like this before in their lives. They were brought up during the times of hardship, the war, and depression. At their times there was no such thing as ‘POP' music it was only in the 1950s where all this came in. it says the voice was one thing they ‘love and fear', this shows the amount of love that they had for this person, Laine the reporter says, ‘the adulation of this man bewilders me'. This shows again that this is a scene completely alien to him/her. We again can infer from this that the reporter and many others like him/her had never seen this type of concert before. In the adults times they went into a concert hall and listened to the music nice and quietly. Whereas in the 50s the audience went crazy at every word that the artist would sing or even for that matter say. If the artist told them to be quiet they would, the source says that the audience were silent at once Laine had told them to be. ‘Laine impressed upon his fans that they should remain silent during such a song'. This would again be something alien to the reporter. In their time they would listen to their parents like that, and these youths were obeying a complete stranger as a parent figure. Basically the adults were bewildered by what was going on. In conclusion adults found teenagers hard to understand because they were brought up completely differently. In the parents time there was no prospects, no jobs, and no money. But in the 50s there were prospects and jobs and most importantly money. There was a generation gap between the parents and their children. TEENAGE CULTURE EMERGED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN THE 1950s. HOW USEFUL ARE THESE SOURCES IN HELPING YOU TO UNDERSTAND WHY THIS HAPPENED? Youth culture emerged for the first time in the 1950s. It was then when people used the term ‘teenager'. Before this time no one knew what the term meant. Before in the 30s and 40s when the teenagers' parents were growing up there was no prospects, jobs or money. They were times of hardship, and rationing. They were times of hard work. The youth during the 40s did not do the kinds of things that teenagers do now or what teenagers did in 1950s. In the 30s/40s when a youth came to the age of 13 or 14 years old they stopped their education and started to find jobs, if they were boys with their fathers or if they were girls with their mothers at home. It was not a very happy time compared to nowadays. Whereas in the 1950s and now youths are a new age group, mutated from just youths or young adults to teenagers. The teenage culture in the 50s was about music, fashion, teddy boys, dancing, and money. The music industry had an effect on the emergence of teenagers because there was more variety of music for people to listen to. Different types of people (e.g. age groups-teenagers) were listening to different types of music. Teenagers could have a type of music that they could call their own. To increase the impact of music to help emerge teenagers was Radio. There were more radio stations, cheaper records (because of mass production) and more people had radios. Radio programmes were also aiming at teenage segments. Like music and Radio, TV had a similar affect. The technology had improved and there were a wide variety of programmes and channels that meant they could aim at different market segments, like youth (teenagers). This could help develop teenagers by giving them something they could feel was for themselves and others who were in the same boat. People were working fewer hours and had more free time along with more pay so that people could afford to buy luxury goods/entertainment (e.g. cinema), so that the teenager could have somewhere to go and be with others in their position and socialise. Source one is not the most helpful source that we are given as it is only one persons opinion of the 1950s. It talks about the fashion for a particular girl in the 1950s. We cannot be sure that the girl is the only person wearing this particular style. This source totally neglects talking about male fashion in the 50s. This source does not tell us anything about why teenage culture emerged in the 1950s. Source 2 is better at telling us why teenage culture emerged. It is a set of statistics telling us about the average weekly wages from 1950 to 1960. It helps us to understand why teenage culture emerged because it says wages increased in the 1950s. We can infer from this that as the wages increased so did the amount of disposable income that the teenagers had. Also this is reinforced by the main part of teenage culture being money. If there were more money in the country, there would obviously be more in the pockets of the young people that worked. Source 3 is also a statistical source. It is also good because it tells us again of the money situation in England in the 50s. This source tells us about consumer spending; it shows that in 1960 more money was spent on recreation, electrical goods and private transport. It says ‘1960 recreation à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½352 million' in contrast to ‘1948 recreation à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½169 million'. We can see from this that as consumer-spending rose so did the wages, which is true. We can also infer from this that teenagers were spending more on recreation facilities as they had more disposable income to spend on it. Source 4 is much more useful. It is taken from a book, England, half English, written by Colin Mcinnes in 1961. It talks directly about the youth. It says that the youth has money and that they have become a ‘power'. We can infer from this that the youth were beginning to be recognised as a group of people rather than just young people, or mini versions of their parents. We can also infer that teenagers had their own point of view things and didn't listen to their parents all the time. It supports source 3 because it says that the ‘youths are studied with respect' by the ‘entertainment industry'. We can infer from this that they are spending more on the entertainment and the industry tries to bring in things that the youths will want. It supports source 2 by saying that youths have money. Source 5 is again useful because it talks about fashion and the language that teenagers use. It is taken from a book called ‘A History of post war Britain', written in 1971. Fashion is a very important thing to a teenager in the 1950s and source 5 talks mostly about fashion mostly. New words like ‘fab' and ‘gear' were used for the first time in the 1950s. Before the 50s there probably was no teenage slang, or much slang for that matter. Nowadays there is ‘bad' & ‘wicked' etc. this source shows the amount of love that teenagers had for fashion. Source 6 is an ok source but not the best because it shows teenagers had a culture but not why it emerged. This source is taken from THE TIMES on 12 May 1956. ‘Highly solvent', again this is another source saying that the youths had more money than ever before. ‘Tremendously vigorous culture', we can infer from this that the teenage culture was very vibrant and a new and fresh thing that the adults had trouble understanding. They had a ‘strong sense of corporate identity'; this shows that teenagers had businesses trying hard to make new products aimed specifically at teenagers. Source 7 is about music and how it affects teenagers in the 50s. It is not very useful in telling us about why teenage culture emerged. Although it does talk a lot about music, it says a ‘crowd of idol worshippers', we can infer from this that the audience was loving everything that the artist, Laine, did, his words, his movements etc. this source shows the amount of bewilderment that adults had for a scene like this. It says ‘the adulation of this man bewilders me'. The reporter is shocked and astounded by what he/she sees. This source tells us not about why teenage culture emerged. Source 8 tells us about the type of music that the teenagers listened to. But again not why teenage culture emerged. This source is taken from a book by CAR Hills, ‘growing up in great Britain in the 1950s', written in 1983. It is therefore a secondary source. This source tells us that there were a lot of pop singers. ‘Legions of young pop singers', we can infer from this that lots of people had decided to make some money out of these youths, who now have money to spend, upon non-essential goods. They had probably realised that music was important to the youths. In conclusion the reason that teenage culture emerged was because of the economic boom that happened in this country in 1950s. Because the youths had some money to spare they decided to spend it on recreational items and products that they wanted to purchase. If they had been under the obligations of their parents, who had to look after more than just themselves the teenage culture would probably not have emerged.

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